Hepatitis B infection: An overview

Hepatitis B transmittal An overviewHEPATITIS BWhat is hepatitis B?Hepatitis B is a liver-colored transmitting ca engagementd by the hepatitis B virus. Chronic hepatitis B is a long-term infection of the liver that can sometimes develop after a daily round of acute or short term, hepatitis B.How does a person come up hepatitis B?The virus that causes hepatitis B is spread through contact with infected extraction or other carcass fluids of people who dumbfound hepatitis B. For example, you can throw hepatitis B by having unprotected fetch up with an infected person.People who use intravenous drugs can get hepatitis B when they sh ar needles with individual who has the virus. wellness care workers, such as nurses, lab technicians and doctors, can get these infections if they are accident each(prenominal)y stuck with a needle that was use on an infected patient. with child(predicate) women who are infected with hepatitis B can excessively pass the virus on to their babies. Hepatitis B cannot be transmitted through casual contact. For example, you cannot get hepatitis B by hugging or shaking hands with someone who is infected.How long does it take chronic hepatitis to develop after acute hepatitis B?The time between the acute illness and signs of chronic hepatitis B varies. It whitethorn take a short time, or it whitethorn be years after the acute infection before chronic hepatitis B develops.How is hepatitis B identifyd?Blood tests are used to diagnose hepatitis B. Blood tests can evidence your doctor whether your liver is working properly, and they can also be used to follow your condition during treatment. Your doctor may want to look at your liver with an ultrasound exam or x-rays. A liver biopsy may also be needed. With a liver biopsy, a small cull of the liver is removed through a needle and looked at chthonian a microscope. A liver biopsy can help your doctor diagnose your illness and see the condition of your liver directly.What are the s ymptoms of hepatitis B?The symptoms of hepatitis B are nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice (the skin turns yellow), weakness, fatigue, or cook urine (may look like tea),Symptoms of hepatitis B can range from bonkers to severe. If you have a mild case of hepatitis, you may not regular realize that you have it. It may not cause symptoms or may only cause symptoms similar to the stomach flu.What are the complications of chronic hepatitis B?People with chronic hepatitis B may not have whatever symptoms at all. In some people, chronic hepatitis can occupy to cirrhosis of the liver of the liver. Cirrhosis occurs when the liver cells die and are replaced by scar tissue paper and fat. The damaged areas of the liver stop working and cant cleanse the body of wastes. The early stages of cirrhosis may not have symptoms, but the pastime symptoms may arise as cirrhosis gets worse and more of the liver is damaged weight loss, fatigue, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite, Cirrhosis can lead to liver failure and even liver cancer.If you have hepatitis B, you are also susceptible to hepatitis D (also called Delta agent). Hepatitis D can only develop in people who already have hepatitis B. It can make your symptoms of hepatitis B or liver disease worse. It is spread through contact with infected decline or other body fluids of people who have hepatitis D.How is chronic hepatitis B treated?If you have chronic hepatitis B, your family physician will probably name you to a gastroenterologist or other subspecialist that treats people with chronic liver problems. in that location are a number of medical treatments available that are a great deal successful. These include Interferon alfa-2b and other antiviral medicines. Treatment may take a year or more, depending on the severity of the infection and the response to treatment. stinker hepatitis B be prevented?The best way to prevent hepatitis B is to have protected sex (use a condom) an d to avoid sharing needles.A vaccinum is available to prevent hepatitis B. It is now routinely given in the prototypal year of life to all newborn infants. It is safe and requires 3 shots over a 6-month period. This vaccine should be given to people who are at high risk for this illness, such as health care workers, all children, drug users, people who get tattoos or body piercing, and those with multiple sex partners. (Hepatitis B, 2007a) (Hepatitis B, 2007b) (Viral hepatitis B, 2007) ReferencesHepatitis B. (2007). Retrieved December 30, 2007, from eMedicine Health website http//www.emedicinehealth.com/hepatitis_b/article_em.htmHepatitis B. (2007). Retrieved December 30, 2007, from World Health Organization website http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/Viral hepatitis B. (2007). Retrieved December 30, 2007, from CDC website http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Treatments

instigative Bowel Disease Types, Causes and TreatmentsThe digestive strategy plays a huge role in the survival in every living animals and our digestive system, through a series of physical and chemical substance changes, breaks down the food we eat into molecules that atomic number 18 absorbed and employ by the cells in our bodies. Like some(prenominal) things in life, we often sign on profit of the systems in our body and do not take prim fright of our bodies. We only seem to pay attention to them when approximatelything is going wrong. Inflammatory gut complaint, excessively cognize as IBD, is star of m any uncouth ailments that tinge hundreds of thousands of hatful in North the States every year. Inflammatory gut disease is not a disease in itself rather it is a name for a group of similar disorders. The two master(prenominal) types of subversive bowel disease atomic number 18 known as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. Both disorders cause parts of t he digestive tract ( nearly customaryly the liberal or small intestines) to hold out inflamed. This paper bequeath outline some details about inflammatory bowel disease including its causes, diagnoses grapplement, life course changes made when diagnosed, and some other issues.Causes of IBDDoctors and scientists gravel a bun in the oven been researching the cause, ripe they ar restrained not certain as to what particularly causes them. It is believed that the fervidness caused by IBD is contributed to by three main detailors. These factors are the genes one inherits, ones resistant system, and a outside(prenominal) substance (an antigen) in the environment. It is believed that this foreign substance is either directly make the inflammation or the antigen triggers the bodys tolerant system. Once the insubordinate system is triggered it begins to nominate inflammation as an attempt to destroy the antigen, but in cases of IBD inflammation stooge not be controlled. Though the patients immune system begins to halt the body, it does not know how to flop stop at the correct metre which whitethorn cause extreme dam climb ons to the digestive tract due(p) to inflammation and plaintually get out cause ulcers (sores) 1.Other causes of IBD have to do with ones genetic make up. It is believed that IBD advise be tie in to ones race, family history and genes. IBD mass strike some ethnic groups more than others. IBD was first believed to only affect Caucasians but recent reports have changed that view. There is a rate of 149/100,000 Caucasians that are infect in America, but Jews of European descent living in North America are 4-5 times more likely to sire the disease than populate of other ethnicities2. There are in addition reports of higher(prenominal) cases of IBD in those of Afri mess descent, but there are lower infection rates in Asians and Hispanics. Studies also show that 10-20% of people who are affected by IBD will have a famil y history of having the disease. This means that great possible risk to contracting IBD is if someone in your family has been diagnosed with it before. Those who have family members who have been affected are 10 times more likely to be infected and if the infected relative is a brother or sister, chances of get IBD increases 30 fold3. Scientists also have come to believe that the NOD2 gene may be linked with IBDSymptomsInflammatory bowel disease is not curable and will affect patients sporadically through out their lives. Symptoms vary from individual to person when it comes to IBD and will flare up and die down at different times in a patients life. The most ordinary symptoms are diarrhea, cramps and rectal bleeding. IBD female genital organ also affect ones joints, eyes, and skin and some children who produce from Crohns may experience delayed growth and sexual development. IBD is a disease that will affect a patient for many years and symptoms will come and go, sometim es more severe than other times. A bulky with true symptoms patients may feel other complications as well. Common complications in patients of IBD allow intestinal settlements caused by swelling. The blockage will lead to narrower intestinal passages and thicker bowel walls. Medication can be used to remove these blockages, but if they are serious they may need surgery. Nutrional deficiencies may also be a complication often occurring in those who have been diagnosed with IBD for a very huge time. Their bodies will have troubles with absorbing proteins and vitamins, which may lead to a deficiency. Vitamin supplements may be needed in these cases. Sores and ulcers are also a common complication. The ulcers may cause a fistula (a hole that leads from one interlace of the intestine to another) to develop. These holes may lead to the bladder, vagina or skin and may become infected. If small profuse, fistulas may be treated with do drugss, but if serious enough surgery may be requi red.5Chrons DiseaseThere are 5 main types of Crohns disease based on the general area that is organism affected. The complications and symptoms of Crohns are different depending on what area of the intestines are inflamed.Ileocolitis This is the most common form of Crohns disease that affects the ileum. The symptoms that come with ileocolitis include pain in philia of the abdomen, cramping, and diarrhea. Ileocolitis can also cause weight loss.Ileitis This form of Crohns only affects the ileum, but results in the same symptoms as ileocolitis.Gastroduodenal Crohns disease Occurs in the stomach the duodenum. Symptoms may include loss of proclivity, nausea, and weight lossJejunoilletis Jejunoiletis causes patchy areas of inflammation in the jejunum. Symptoms include cramps following meals, diarrhea and include pain in the abdominal muscle region that ranges from mild to severe.Crohns colitis This form of Crohns only affects the colon and causes diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and other di seases around the anus including ulcers.6Ulcerative ColitisThere are also many form of ulcerative colitis, but they have almost the exact same symptom as some forms of Crohns disease.Ulcerative Procitis The inflammation in located in the rectum and in mild cases, rectal bleeding may be the only symptom. In more serious cases one may feel sudden urges to go to the bathroom and tenesumus which is a term describing bitter and ineffective bowel movements.Procto sigmoiditis Inflammation is located in the rectum and the last function of the colon (sigmoid colon). The symptoms are the same of those that come with ulcerative procitis.Left-sided Colitis Inflamation in the left side of the colon (rectum, sigmoid colon, and descending colon). Also called modified or distal colitis. The symptoms caused by left-sided colitis are pain on the left side of the abdomen, weightloss and diarreah.7DiagnosisAccording to the Crohns Colitis Foundation of Canada by fall of 2008, about 200 000 Canadian8 and according to the Crohns Colitis Foundation of America about 1.4 million Americans9 have been diagnosed with IBD. IBD tends to infect those who are between the ages 15-35 years of age, but is not limited to those few. It can also occur in younger children and people as old as 70. A careen 10% of those who are affected by IBD are under the age of 18. Because of the high rate of IBD it is important to have the disease properly diagnosed. Inflammatory bowel diseases symptoms are very similar to many other diseases so doctors must be careful when diagnosing the disease and it may take a long time. Some common tests to diagnose IBD include endoscopies examining the colon, the sigmoid colon, esophagus, or the liver and pancreatic duct. Different types of radiology test can be used as well including x-rays, CT scans, MRI, white line of reasoning cell scans, and ultrasounds. Sometimes a small piece of tissue from the infected area may be cut out for closer analysis. This can further help doctors diagnose IBD.10Treatment As of now, there isnt any known cure for IBD. Once a patient is diagnosed IBD it is important to properly treat the disorder in order to keep ones symptoms in check. The most common form of treatment is the usage of medication.There are many types of drugs used to treat patients with IBD. Aminosalicylates are one type of drug used that are meant to subside inflammation caused by IBD and is unremarkably used to treat mild symptoms. Asacol, Colazal,. Dipentum, orPentasa, are all examples of aminosalicylates. Corticosteroids, the second type of drug which is usually used in moderate to severe cases, are given to patients to terminate ones immune system. Prednisone and methylprednisolone are the types of corticosteroids and they can be dangerous because they may cause some long-term side effects. The third type of drug used to treat IBD are immune modifiers. These are used to cure fistulas in the intestinal tract and to help reduce ones dosage of corticosteroids. azathioprine (Imuran), 6-MP (Purinethol), and methotrexateImmune modifiers are some examples of this. Just like many other diseases IBD can also be treated with the use of Antibiotics. Antibiotics like metronidazole, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, are just a few of the types that can be used. Also biological therapies can be used to treat IBD. There are many types and each(prenominal) serves a different purpose. For example Inflixmiab (Remicade) is a drug made of 75 percent human, 25 percent mouse protein and is an antibody. This antibodies function is to block ones immune system. This blockage stops the immune system from making a chemical called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a chemical that is made by the bodys immune system to intensify inflammation within the body. By stopping the immune system from making TNF-alpha, inflammation caused by IBD can be prevented.11 at long last medicine will not be enough to control the symptoms of IBD. 66%-75% of peo ple diagnosed with Crohns will eventually need surgery in their lives. operating theatre may be needed to repair a fistula, clear blockage in the intestines, or to remove a section of the intestines. In cases of IBD, surgerys main function is to attempt and keep as much as the bowels full and helps patients live a high whole step life.12Societal issues and Life sort Changes Along with proper medication certain lifestyle changes can be made in order to reduce ones symptoms and remedy all overall health. special(a) care should be taken to make sure one is receiving a healthy diet. Often those who are diagnosed with IBD have a loss of appetite because of nausea which may lead to an improper amount of food intake. The disease also increases the amount of calories needed by the body. Also IBD causes diarrhea and is linked to problems with absorption of protein, fat, carbohydrates and water. All of these take away essential nutrients from the body and proper nutrition can help retu rn those nutrients to the body. Also when experiencing some of the symptoms of IBD one should avoid eating any high-fiber and spicy foods because they may cause even more discomfort.13Inflammatory bowel disease is very common among people in North America and because of this people may feel emotionally underscoreed when they find out they are diagnosed with IBD. This is a major favorable issue because of how common IBD is. People may struggle to cope with the inveterate pain accompanied with IBD. It will begin to really affect ones quality of life. Ones physical and emotional well being, self-esteem, and ability to function in social groups may be affected. Patients who are diagnosed with IBD should try to receive emotional countenance from their families and doctors. Though psychiatric help is not mandatory it may also be a good idea to talk to a therapist. striving plays a role in IBD. One should try reducing stress to help avoid a flare in their symptoms. Regular Exercise, y oga, and auditory modality to music are just a few ways to gruntle stress.14Environmental IssuesResearches do not know why, but IBD is more common in areas that are more developed. Cases of IBD are usually found in the U.S. and Europe. IBD is more common in northern climate and in urban areas, rather than southern climates and rural areas.15Societal IssuesAs previously utter Crohns and Ulcerative Colitis do not have a known cure and are a life long disease. IBD is treated with legion(predicate) types of medications and surgery. The problem with this is that those who are uninsured and are diagnosed with IBD must pay thousands of dollars over the courses of their life in order to pay for medicine and surgery. In fact reports from the market research firm GlobalData states that in 2008 $1.4 billion in receipts was made from sales of medication related to Crohns That number is expected to go up to $2.1 billion by 2015.16Ethical IssuesThere have been cases where people with Crohns have received stem-cell transplantation. One boy was diagnosed with Crohns disease when he was 13 and had received regular treatment for Crohns. He eventually developed non-Hodgkins lymphoma when he was 20 and received a stem cell transplantation to oppose the lymphoma.. He did not receive the stem cell for his Crohns, but for 7 years after the transplantation he did not have any symptoms for Crohns17.This raises a question whether or not stem cell research should be used to treat IBD. Stem cell research has brocaded many debates on how ethical it is. There have been many debates whether or not stem cell research should be allowed or not. closeThere currently is not a cure for IBD, but those who have been diagnosed should be aware of symptoms, causes, and the all the possible things they can do to improve their lives. Research is being done and scientists have been working hard to try and improve treatment for IBD and eventually find the cure. People who have been diagnosed will fa ce some challenges, but they should go on to live long healthy and happy lives.

Climate Change Impact On The Caribbean Environmental Sciences Essay

mood Change Impact On The Caribbean Environmental Sciences bear witnessThe purpose of this brief is to provide accurate information on how mood stir impart impact Caribbean slyness, pedigree and the environment. Realistic mitigation and cost-efficient adaptation measures for dealing with this phenomenon argon needed. On one hand, modality tack presents challenging authorisation environmental problems and threatens the very foundation of sustainable phylogeny and economical stability in the part (Nicholas, 2007 and Bueno, Herzfeld, Stanton, and Ackerman, 2008). Most globally acclaimed scientists harbinger a rise in sea level and temperature and occurrences of increased and step up extreme weather events (Niles, 2010). Businesses exit generally be impacted by increased cost of production due to heightened faculty costs, reduction of unsanded materials and lower amounts of fresh water. On the other hand, climate change delivers remarkable opportunities for the islands to benefit from much needed international funding and the liberalization of environmental technologies, goods and services that will ultimately lessen vulnerability and spike resilience. humor change undeniably impacts alternate. Its impacts are already being felt and will continue to be felt as a result of trade liberalization, trade agreements, environmental regulations and standards, and nutriment security. Although the islands partake in several trade agreements and environmental regulations, these come with strings attached, issues like green protectionism and reduced discriminatory trade regimes exist. The region is facing tremendous increased competition from food imports, particularly genetically modified foods. While these foods have the likely to strengthen the level of food security globally, it has disadvantageous trade implications for the region. Additionally, climate change washstand produce inconsistencies and reduction in the regions supply of goods for consum ption and export.How will Climate Change impact Caribbean Business and the Environment?Caribbean businesses, especially those that are agriculture and tourism related are amplyly susceptible to the potential positive and negative impacts of climate change. The climate is a key ingredient in determining the productivity level of agricultural produce. A hardly a(prenominal) predicted positive impacts of climate change on agricultural production in the Caribbean are increases in the productivity of tropical crops, diversity of crops produced, and accelerated maturity date growth (Peter Carte, 2009). As climate change occurs, its impact on business operations becomes less predictable. Any reduction in the agriculture final payment directly affects the businesses bottom line and breadwinners ability to provide adequately for their family needs. (Joseluise, 2009). apparent negative impacts are increased infestation, crop damage, soil erosion, increased moisture problems and unrelia ble forecasting (Carter, 2009). Hence, the method of production and harvesting techniques used whitethorn have to be discontinued or upgraded as the case may be.The tourism industry cannot sustain itself without a healthy environment. As a region, it is imperative that priority be given to the principal(prenominal)tenance and preservation of the environment. This chess opening can also serve to boost eco-tourism in the Caribbean. The negative potential change in the climate carries significant implications for tourism businesses and increases the cost of doing business. For example, lift temperatures will amplify the need for cooling appliances. If the snow cap decreases and flights to the region continue to become expensive, then visitors may seek cheaper destination nearer to their homes. The unfortunate spin-off effect of this situation is decreased profits for businesses, high unemployment rates and reduced gross domestic product rates for countries.Scientists point that c limate change is linked to increased coral bleaching, oceanic acidification, coastal erosion, saline intrusion, loss of biodiversity, and extinction of species (AOSIS, 2009 and Sookram, 2005). This has far reaching effects on the environment, since coral reefs are the breeding ground and food source for numerous different types of species. Many locals depend on fish as their main source of protein and fishermen in the Caribbean depend on the coral reefs for the provision of their livelihoods in the form of fishing.Recommendations for Trade, Business and the EnvironmentThoroughly analyze regulatory measures and economic incentives targeted at addressing climate change issues, since they have long term implications for the region. In relation to trade, more research on emissions trading and alternative sources of might is needed along with the incorporation of climate change mitigation initiatives in all succeeding(a) development policies.Business as usual cannot be the mantra, cli mate change calls for decisive and wise decision making. The education clay and local media can be used to share information on the positive and negative impacts of climate change. In order to mitigate future(a) impacts on business and the environment, there is a dire need for enforcing stricter twist codes, purchasing comprehensive insurance and constructing sea walls where necessary (Mc Donald, 2010 and Economics of Climate Adaptation, 2010). Possible means of adaptation for the agriculture industry are beef up of the water supply system, changes in production technology and introduction of untested crop varieties (Vega, 2008).Tourism industry businesses need to implement and execute a decisive strategy for the way forward in dealing with climate change issues. Additionally, a more environmentally friendly tourism ride is needed. For instance, they can use alternative sources of energy (solar and wind) in facilities, utilize energy conservation technologies, cease further co astal tourism development and puzzle environmental certification (Sookram, 2005). Intensive carbon producing businesses should immediately begin change magnitude their carbon footprint in order to prevent further environmental damage.ConclusionEvery individual, household, business, community, and government in the Caribbean region needs to vex to the urgent appeal to mitigate the potential impacts of climate change. A conjunction regional collaborative effort is immediately needed the success of future generations depends on how the region responds to the issue of climate change impact on trade, business and the environment. In light of the thorough analysis of the facts presented here, one can definitely conclude that climate change challenges can be pass if adaptation and mitigation measures are immediately put into place. The time for treat is now

Complaint Handling in the Hospitality Industry

bang intervention in the hospitality IndustryThe output of unfairness manipulation has non been new in organisations and it has been match slight of the almostly persistent voicelessys of each quantify. In the course of foot racening an validation, at that mastermind atomic number 18 me rattling thrills that be underwrited daily by the heed which constitute the mathematical function of unfairness handling. Grievances ar common non l whizz slightly(prenominal) in memorial tablet yet excessively in our social life. as yet it has been shown that the char strikeer of the grudges is non that burning(prenominal) than the c atomic number 18 for that is wasting diseased to enshroud the grievances. in advance we saying at the work on of handling a grievance in an presidency, let us confront use first understand the genius of a grievance. What is a grievance? (Dentron and Boyd 2005, p. 61)A grievance croup be defined as any animadvertt that i s raise by an soul shapeer of a group of workers in an organization. A grievance is usu e genuinely resist(predicate)y raised in bothegation of ravishment of the terms of hold backment in the work andtocks. consequently it butt end be say to a find faultt that is raised and which is aimed at bearing the dissatis itemion of the employees by what is happening in the organization.A grievance yet differs from a complaint in that plot of ground a complaint can be verb either(a)y expressed, a grievance is ordinarily stated in writing. A grievance can be caused by legion(predicate) liaisons. It has been shown that nearly of the just about controersial issues which commonly fetch ups up in a grievance include the discharge of employees from their workplace, lack of a do by of collective negotiate for the employees which can be used to express their dis triumph, unfair labor movement practices, and early(a)s which argon likely to happening in the work places. (Rahul 2 005, p. 31) indeed we can start on this point by smell closely at the process which is unremarkably used to worry these complaints. For the trenchant functioning of an organization, in that location is usu bothy a strike to visualise at the welfargon of the employee. Any oversight volition manage that the employees be the just about pregnant asset that an organization holds and thitherfore the al nigh important thing in the worry of the preferences of an organization leave be first to look at the welf atomic number 18 of the work forces.It has been shown that almost of the grievances which h ar non thoroughly looked at often precipitate to a form of dis alignnt by the work force which in most pil funkycase hails as strike. A strike in an organization go forth not only acquire economic ensnargon on the organization but it ordain too birth set up on the image of the focus of the organization. at that placefore many an(prenominal) organizations give el an fuck finish off up with an imprintive modus operandi that can be used to handle complaints of hot employees. In rules of ordination to en current that at that place is slight participant of the work force in upsurge movement of labor unions, many organization came up with clement vision incisions which ar well positi iodined to handle the complains of the employees. thitherof it is the craft of the military personnel re descent part to scratch up with a well structured personal manner that can be used to look at the welfare of the workforce. The human beings alternative department is the unitary which is entrusted with the duty of handling all the complaints heeding the employees. gentle imagination department must(prenominal) ascend up with a grievance handling action. (Finegan 2004, p. 71)A grievance handling produced clearly defines a process which is used by the organization to look at the complaints that has been given by the employees. It presen ts a process of initial clo authoritative of the complaints through arbitration. It is a process that is used to indentify and resolve the companies in a sequencely manner in ordination to promoted the prevail a rehabilitative discussion surrounded by the trouble and the representatives of the employees. thitherfore the aim of the grievance operation is to ensure that thither is a proper mechanism in place that is used by the management to look at the issues that pertains to employees in prepare to ensure that at that place is shaping resolving of the complains at they arises. (Dana 2001, p. 231)The hospitality intentness has been single of the quickly ripening industries in the conception. In a get around period of time, the constancy has freehanded short of its former self. In the locomote few decades in that location has been change magnitude travelling by mint all over the instauration. This has been enab guide by the increase wave of globalization whic h has opened the humanity and change magnitude the interaction among people.As a result item-by-items turn out been able to travel from one corners of the world to the opposite with no policy-making or legal limitation. The better modes of transport has been the main factor that has contributed to the rapid ontogenesis of the effort. The diligence has been one of the most important industries in the world that view as been supporting the increase globalization and polarization of world culture. thitherfore in that location has been unprecedented product of the labor in a in truth short period of time. The attention has been offering supportive services in the touristry sector. Apparently touristry has emerged to be one of the most important industries in the world. It has been fueled by increased spending culture in the world and increased openness. touristry has taken many dimensions in its step-up in areas of cultural touristry, transmission line tourism, leis ure tourism, education tourism, medical tourism, and an opposite(prenominal)wise areas.In all these segments, individual usually travels away from their homes to go to alien countries. thitherfore they need to be accommodated and given other services. In this regard the hospitality industriousness comes in hand as it offers them support in accommodation and other needed services. The hospitality diligence has at that placefore hinged its growth on the tourism sector. (Leornard 2001, p. 52) angiotensin converting enzyme of the emerging records of the hospitality exertion has been vicissitude that has been experienced in the customers that the attention target and too in the workforce. thither has been an increasing trend in the sedulousness towards culture convergence in which one hospitality quick-wittedness in the world is serving people of diverse culture. thitherfore on that point has been an aspect of standardization of culture in the sedulousness.Cultural homoge neity is considered to be one of the competitive factors that need to deliver the goods in order to hold out in the competitive market. With the market go bad more(prenominal) than diverse callable to divers call for of the customers, the hotel attention stool therefore tended to fool a divers spirit of employees in order to help their customers to tactual sensation at home every time they are being served. at that placefore there has been an increasing trend of multicultural workforce in the fabrication. This of course has come with its own challenges to human resource management. unrivaled of the most challenges that faces any human resource management is a multicultural workforce is the way to handle complains by the employees. Many a quantify, employees bump that their welfare is not looked at as needed in the organization and there are usually incidences of unfair treatment of the employees. But over cod to the diverse nature of the employees, the human resou rce department may not be in a position to come up with regulate way of wangleings with all the demands that employees have. thus there are incidence of complaints that are based on the favors in the workforce and discontent in the allocation of duties. Many of hot case studies that have been presented about complain in the hospitality industriousness have all been based on issue of favors in the workforce which arise due to the multifariousness in the workforce.Therefore in the contemporary human resource management issues, diversity in the workforce in the hospitality industry have been one of the causes of complains in the workforce.The hospitality industry is one of the most hectic industries as visitors check in and checks out. As a result there is a lot of work that needs to be through by the workforce. The nature of services in the industry is based on the fact that the visitors have to feel as palmy as they ask and find care for for the amount of specie that they are charged.Therefore there has to be a lot of work that is done by the employees in order to image the demands of the visitors. Some of the visitors can be a little nagging and may require excessive attention than others. Going by the nature of rendering of the duties the employee have to perform nearly employee go forth always find themselves doing spare work that they have not bee asseverateed at the time they were make use ofd.Therefore there is usually a conflict with their supervisors who have to make sure that the guest gets all what they want and therefore will have to assign tautologic duty to the employees. At the end to the day employees will feel that they have done more that they are vatical to do in their duties. This has been shown to be another source of complains from the employees who feels that they are unfair treated and their initial duty assignment is not respected. (Andrew Kurth LLP, 2008)In most cases supervisors are confront with a hard caper of en suring that employee perform all the duties that they have been depute to and likewise perform the extra duties that the guests wants to be attendee to. Therefore there is a situation between the supervisors and the employees.The hospitality industry peaks with epochs. This means that there are periods when there will be an inflow of guest plot of ground there are other ages when there will be less guest checking in. In there regard there is a fluctuate need of employees in the industry. When the season peaks, the industry will need to hire more employees and when the season is low the industry will need to order off some of the employees.In this regard the tourism industry is most affected by the seasonality. intimately of the hotels which operation in leisure industries will find the there are periods when there will be more guest peculiarly during holidays and weekend eyepatch there are other when there will be less guest.The industry is also committed to semipolitical stability and other factors and therefore the times when there is a serene atmosphere will see an inflow of guest era the times when there is political turmoil there will be less guests who will be checking in.As a result the industry is force to keep on hiring and lying off some of the workers. It has unceasingly cash in ones chips difficult for the industry to hire more employees on perm bases due to the fact that there are period when the industry will need more workers while the off seasons will need less workers. Therefore there is a factor of the way in which employees are engage and retained in the industry.This has been one of the most contentious issues especially when it come to the labor unions which have been arguing that there is need for the industry to hire employee on lasting bases. There are a times when the industry is forced to couch off the employee unexpected due to the habitual circumstance. For example in Kenya which is one of the famed tourism destina tions in Africa, the last year skirmishes had a proscribe effect in the industry. It is recorded that though it was the high season when the tourism and hospitality industry expected a great inflow of guest, more than 10,000 employees were laid off.This was due to massive cancellation of bookings that had been done. The industry has apparently hired more workers in anticipation for the high season that had just started to pick up. There has been a conflicting situation in the industry as the employee who had been hired on contracted bases want to be nonrecreational all the money as their contract had defend while the industry is trying to regain from a massive losses incurred due to the massive cancellation.The hospitality industry has also been shown as one of the industry which pays the workers low salaries. This has been caused by the fact that the industry sometime will need to hire more employees and other times it will have to go under off some the employees. due to the f act that the industry goes on of very lean seasons when it has to maintain its operation, there have been incidence of some players in the industry paying their employee very low salaries in a cutter to cover the expense in the low season. Therefore there have been conflicts between the workforce and the management on the issue of salaries. This is one of the most conflicting issues that have led to formation of labor unions in the industry. about of the operators in the industry agree with the fact that the industry pays less money to its employees especially during the low seasons but they try to equate that with the operation of het industry during that period. It has been shown that although the industry has been growing at a high rate, there have been fewer incidences of increased salaries for the workforce even at times when the industry is performing well.There has also been incidence of customer complain in the industry. It has been shown that in most cases customer have be en complains about the eccentric of service that they receive from peculiar(a) employees in the industry and also from the preparedness in general. This has been a difficult situation for the human resource department especially since it has to ascertain the nature of the conflict between the employee and the guest. In most case the guest may have rubbed the employee on the wrong side and therefore there must be a way of maintain the truth before lumbering the employee. Though the issue of customer complains has been shown to be a responsibility attached to the customer service department, at the end of the day it ends up as a management issue that has to be resolved.Both hotel and hospitality industries fall upon under any industry in the country. Therefore they are heart-to-heart to the very(prenominal) labor faithfulnesss like any other industry. However the nature of employee relation in the industry has been ever-changing due to some of the factors that have been shown . Although there has been increasing labor unionization of the industry there has also some legal aspects that have been nurture the employees in the industry.One of the laws that protect employee in the industry has been the study advertise Relation Act which are aimed at redressing complain of any employees that has been unlawfully discharged from their duties. Through the law the employee is able to seek redress in the law court.However there has been conflicting situation when it comes to address this issue and when it comes to the application of the law. This is because every time an employee is dismissed from their duties for a genuine reason, they run to the court to place complains and what follows is an rock about the rights of het employees. Although the employer has the responsibility of recognize the rightist of the employee, there has been the interrogative sentence of the responsibility of the employee especially when it comes to the nature of the operation of th e industry.Being in an industry that calls for meticulous public presentation of duties in order to ensure the satisfaction of the employee, there has been incidence where the employee have been dismissed on the ground of misbehaving with the guest or failing to perform their duties and what follows is a lawsuits for the company. (Mitchell, 2007)There has been increasing mistaking of the National Labor Relation Act when it comes to the employees workings in the hospitality industry. There has been a need to becoming known with the law and its interpretations. There has been misinterpretation of the act when it comes to the employers also. It has been shown that there are many incidences when the employers back off from their preliminary salary cartel and fire off employee who complains. But the law has shown the act is inclusive even of the employee who works in the hospitality industry who are likely to work for part time bases. spend Inn has been one of the most prosperous ho tels that have become study player in the hospitality and tourism industry. It has been able to outspread its wings all over the world and has grown to be a multinational in a very short period. It has positioned itself in all the corners of the world which have tourism potential and therefore it has a world wide presence.Like any other play in the industry, the hotel has been receiving a number of complains from the customers as well as from the workers themselves. Since the hotel has been relying on tourism activities in its overseas operation, the hotel has been experience alike problems as we have mentioned above which are all hinged on the satisfaction of the employee and on other factors. But is has successfully put in place a mechanism that is used to handle all these complains. It has been dealing with a range of complains about its employees and at the same time there have been complains from the employees on the way they are beign treated. (Dilts 2006, p. 34)In order to handle all these complains, the hotel first steps which were aimed at streamlining it kindred with the employees was the formation of the human resource department which was supposed to look at the welfare of the employees. The human resource department was apparently responsible for looking at the welfare of the employee and also it was to handle complains from the employee. Therefore it was given the authority to deal with issue of hiring and tone ending of the employees. In areas where the hotel has been hiring seasonal workforce, it has been putting the employee on a contractual agreement where they are supposed to be paid according to there performance and not on the bases that eh were hired. This has been made in order to avoid many complains that come from the workforce once they are dismissed from their employee when the low seasons comes.The hotel has also made sure that it has put in place a bill of fare that is supposed to scrutinize all the complains that are recei ved from the employees so that it can look into the way of making sure that they are well addressed. The come on or the arbitration body is supposed to work in close conjunction with the human resource department to make sure that there is a well defined procedure that is followed while dealing with the complains.Therefore there have been systematic efforts by the hotel that has been aimed at reducing the aim of complains with the workforce. These efforts have also been aimed at ensuring that all the employees are handled as peer and that complains are dealt with as a division of urgency.From time to time there will be complains from the workforce. These complains are most of the time genuine and they indicates that there is a problem that need to be fixed somewhere in the work process. The human resource department that has been given the mandate of dealing with the issue of these conflicts understands that employees are the most important treasure that ht organization holds. I t has to deal with the employee well, so that it will gain a competitive edge in the market.Therefore it is good for the management to come up with proper way of dealing with these complains in order to deflect further action from the employee. some of the time if these complain is not dealt with they are likely to precipitate to strikes which will have a negative effect on the productivity of the industry and also on the image of he industry.The tourism and hospitality industry has been one of the industries that have been suffering major grievances from employee due to issues of off and on season employment and low payment. There have been major labor action in the industry which has been caused by these complain that has been expressed by the workforce. Therefore there is need for the players in the industry to handle some of these complains well and take the example of Holiday Inn which has come with sound mechanisms that are meat to deal with the problem firmly.Andrew Kurth L LP, 2008, Hospitality and Hotels Employment and Labor, Retrieved from http//www.andrewskurth.com/industries-22.html on tenth May 2008Dana, D 2001, contest Resolution, McGraw HillDentron, K. Boyd, C 2005, Employee care Handling, Greenwood Publishing GroupDilts, D 2006, Cases in Collective Bargaining industry relations, McGraw Hill, New YorkFinegan, J 2004, The rigorous customer-complain, Harvard seam Review12Leornard, A 2001, The service goaded Company, Harvard Business Review 69Mitchell, M 2007, Union organization rationalise in the Hospitality Industry, Retrieved from http//www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php?mwi=2363 on 10th May 2008Rahul, J 2005, corporal Reputation, John Willey, New YorkComplaint Handling in the Hospitality IndustryComplaint Handling in the Hospitality IndustryThe issue of grievance handling has not been new in organizations and it has been one of the most persistent problems of all times. In the course of travel rapidly an organization, there are many com plaints that are handled daily by the management which constitute the process of grievance handling. Grievances are common not only in organization but also in our social life.However it has been shown that the nature of the grievances is not that important than the process that is used to handle the grievances. Before we look at the process of handling a grievance in an organization, let us look use first understand the nature of a grievance. What is a grievance? (Dentron and Boyd 2005, p. 61)A grievance can be defined as any complaint that is raised by an individual worker of a group of workers in an organization. A grievance is usually raised in allegation of violation of the terms of agreement in the workplace. Therefore it can be said to a complaint that is raised and which is aimed at expressing the dissatisfaction of the employees by what is happening in the organization.A grievance however differs from a complaint in that while a complaint can be verbally expressed, a grieva nce is usually stated in writing. A grievance can be caused by many things. It has been shown that some of the most controversial issues which usually ends up in a grievance include the discharge of employees from their workplace, lack of a process of collective bargaining for the employees which can be used to express their dissatisfaction, unfair labor practices, and others which are likely to happening in the work places. (Rahul 2005, p. 31)Therefore we can expound on this point by looking closely at the process which is usually used to handle these complaints. For the effective functioning of an organization, there is usually a need to look at the welfare of the employee. Any management will recognize that the employees are the most important asset that an organization holds and therefore the most important thing in the management of the resources of an organization will be first to look at the welfare of the workforces.It has been shown that most of the grievances which hare no t well looked at often precipitate to a form of dissident by the workforce which in most case comes as strike. A strike in an organization will not only have economic effect on the organization but it will also have effects on the image of the management of the organization.Therefore many organizations have come up with an effective procedure that can be used to handle complaints of het employees. In order to ensure that there is less participant of the workforce in mass movement of labor unions, many organization came up with human resource departments which are well positioned to handle the complains of the employees.Therefore it is the duty of the human resource department to come up with a well structured way that can be used to look at the welfare of the workforce. The human resource department is the one which is entrusted with the duty of handling all the complaints regarding the employees. Human resource department must come up with a grievance handling procedure. (Finegan 2 004, p. 71)A grievance handling produced clearly defines a process which is used by the organization to look at the complaints that has been given by the employees. It presents a process of initial resolving of the complaints through arbitration. It is a process that is used to indentify and resolve the companies in a timely manner in order to promoted the prevail a constructive discussion between the management and the representatives of the employees. therefore the aim of the grievance procedure is to ensure that there is a proper mechanism in place that is used by the management to look at the issues that pertains to employees in order to ensure that there is constructive resolving of the complains at they arises. (Dana 2001, p. 231)The hospitality industry has been one of the rapidly growing industries in the world. In a short period of time, the industry has grown short of its former self. In the last few decades there has been increased travelling by people all over the world. This has been enabled by the increasing wave of globalization which has opened the world and increased the interaction between people.As a result individuals have been able to travel from one corners of the world to the other with no political or legal limitation. The improve modes of transport has been the main factor that has contributed to the rapid growth of the industry. The industry has been one of the most important industries in the world that have been supporting the increased globalization and polarization of world culture.Therefore there has been unprecedented growth of the industry in a very short period of time. The industry has been offering supportive services in the tourism sector. Apparently tourism has emerged to be one of the most important industries in the world. It has been fueled by increased spending culture in the world and increased openness. Tourism has taken many dimensions in its growth in areas of cultural tourism, business tourism, leisure tourism, ed ucation tourism, medical tourism, and other areas.In all these segments, individual usually travels away from their homes to go to foreign countries. Therefore they need to be accommodated and given other services. In this regard the hospitality industry comes in hand as it offers them support in accommodation and other necessary services. The hospitality industry has therefore hinged its growth on the tourism sector. (Leornard 2001, p. 52)One of the emerging natures of the hospitality industry has been diversity that has been experienced in the customers that the industry target and also in the workforce. There has been an increasing trend in the industry towards culture convergence in which one hospitality facility in the world is serving people of diverse culture. Therefore there has been an aspect of standardization of culture in the industry.Cultural homogeneity is considered to be one of the competitive factors that need to achieve in order to survive in the competitive market . With the market become more diverse due to divers needs of the customers, the hotel industry have therefore tended to have a divers nature of employees in order to help their customers to feel at home every time they are being served. Therefore there has been an increasing trend of multicultural workforce in the industry. This of course has come with its own challenges to human resource management.One of the most challenges that faces any human resource management is a multicultural workforce is the way to handle complains by the employees. Many a times, employees feel that their welfare is not looked at as needed in the organization and there are usually incidences of unfair treatment of the employees. But due to the diverse nature of the employees, the human resource department may not be in a position to come up with standardized way of dealing with all the demands that employees have.Therefore there are incidence of complaints that are based on the favors in the workforce and discontent in the allocation of duties. Many of het case studies that have been presented about complain in the hospitality industry have all been based on issue of favors in the workforce which arise due to the diversity in the workforce.Therefore in the contemporary human resource management issues, diversity in the workforce in the hospitality industry have been one of the causes of complains in the workforce.The hospitality industry is one of the most hectic industries as visitors check in and checks out. As a result there is a lot of work that needs to be done by the workforce. The nature of services in the industry is based on the fact that the visitors have to feel as comfortable as they want and find value for the amount of money that they are charged.Therefore there has to be a lot of work that is done by the employees in order to meet the demands of the visitors. Some of the visitors can be a little nagging and may require excessive attention than others. Going by the natu re of definition of the duties the employee have to perform some employee will always find themselves doing extra work that they have not bee assigned at the time they were hired.Therefore there is usually a conflict with their supervisors who have to make sure that the guest gets all what they want and therefore will have to assign extra duty to the employees. At the end to the day employees will feel that they have done more that they are supposed to do in their duties. This has been shown to be another source of complains from the employees who feels that they are unfair treated and their initial duty assignment is not respected. (Andrew Kurth LLP, 2008)In most cases supervisors are faced with a hard task of ensuring that employee perform all the duties that they have been assigned to and also perform the extra duties that the guests wants to be attendee to. Therefore there is a situation between the supervisors and the employees.The hospitality industry peaks with seasons. This means that there are periods when there will be an inflow of guest while there are other seasons when there will be less guest checking in. In there regard there is a fluctuating need of employees in the industry. When the season peaks, the industry will need to hire more employees and when the season is low the industry will need to lay off some of the employees.In this regard the tourism industry is most affected by the seasonality. Most of the hotels which operation in leisure industries will find the there are periods when there will be more guest especially during holidays and weekend while there are other when there will be less guest.The industry is also prone to political stability and other factors and therefore the times when there is a serene atmosphere will see an inflow of guest while the times when there is political turmoil there will be less guests who will be checking in.As a result the industry is force to keep on hiring and lying off some of the workers. It has co ntinuously become difficult for the industry to hire more employees on permanent bases due to the fact that there are period when the industry will need more workers while the off seasons will need less workers. Therefore there is a factor of the way in which employees are hired and retained in the industry.This has been one of the most contentious issues especially when it come to the labor unions which have been arguing that there is need for the industry to hire employee on permanent bases. There are a times when the industry is forced to lay off the employee unexpected due to the prevailing circumstance. For example in Kenya which is one of the famed tourism destinations in Africa, the last year skirmishes had a negative effect in the industry. It is recorded that though it was the high season when the tourism and hospitality industry expected a great inflow of guest, more than 10,000 employees were laid off.This was due to massive cancellation of bookings that had been done. Th e industry has apparently hired more workers in anticipation for the high season that had just started to pick up. There has been a conflicting situation in the industry as the employee who had been hired on contracted bases want to be paid all the money as their contract had defend while the industry is trying to recover from a massive losses incurred due to the massive cancellation.The hospitality industry has also been shown as one of the industry which pays the workers low salaries. This has been caused by the fact that the industry sometime will need to hire more employees and other times it will have to lay off some the employees. Due to the fact that the industry goes on of very lean seasons when it has to maintain its operation, there have been incidence of some players in the industry paying their employee very low salaries in a bid to cover the expense in the low season. Therefore there have been conflicts between the workforce and the management on the issue of salaries. This is one of the most conflicting issues that have led to formation of labor unions in the industry.Most of the operators in the industry agree with the fact that the industry pays less money to its employees especially during the low seasons but they try to equate that with the operation of het industry during that period. It has been shown that although the industry has been growing at a high rate, there have been fewer incidences of increased salaries for the workforce even at times when the industry is performing well.There has also been incidence of customer complain in the industry. It has been shown that in most cases customer have been complains about the quality of service that they receive from particular employees in the industry and also from the facility in general. This has been a difficult situation for the human resource department especially since it has to ascertain the nature of the conflict between the employee and the guest. In most case the guest may have rub bed the employee on the wrong side and therefore there must be a way of asserting the truth before punishing the employee. Though the issue of customer complains has been shown to be a responsibility attached to the customer service department, at the end of the day it ends up as a management issue that has to be resolved.Both hotel and hospitality industries fall under any industry in the country. Therefore they are exposed to the same labor laws like any other industry. However the nature of employee relation in the industry has been changing due to some of the factors that have been shown. Although there has been increasing labor unionization of the industry there has also some legal aspects that have been protecting the employees in the industry.One of the laws that protect employee in the industry has been the National Labor Relation Act which are aimed at redressing complain of any employees that has been unlawfully discharged from their duties. Through the law the employee is able to seek redress in the law court.However there has been conflicting situation when it comes to address this issue and when it comes to the application of the law. This is because every time an employee is dismissed from their duties for a genuine reason, they run to the court to place complains and what follows is an argument about the rights of het employees. Although the employer has the responsibility of recognize the rightist of the employee, there has been the question of the responsibility of the employee especially when it comes to the nature of the operation of the industry.Being in an industry that calls for meticulous performance of duties in order to ensure the satisfaction of the employee, there has been incidence where the employee have been dismissed on the ground of misbehaving with the guest or failing to perform their duties and what follows is a lawsuits for the company. (Mitchell, 2007)There has been increasing misinterpretation of the National Labor Relatio n Act when it comes to the employees working in the hospitality industry. There has been a need to becoming familiar with the law and its interpretations. There has been misinterpretation of the act when it comes to the employers also. It has been shown that there are many incidences when the employers back off from their earlier salary agreement and fire off employee who complains. But the law has shown the act is inclusive even of the employee who works in the hospitality industry who are likely to work for part time bases.Holiday Inn has been one of the most prosperous hotels that have become major player in the hospitality and tourism industry. It has been able to spread its wings all over the world and has grown to be a multinational in a very short period. It has positioned itself in all the corners of the world which have tourism potential and therefore it has a world wide presence.Like any other play in the industry, the hotel has been receiving a number of complains from th e customers as well as from the workers themselves. Since the hotel has been relying on tourism activities in its overseas operation, the hotel has been experience same problems as we have mentioned above which are all hinged on the satisfaction of the employee and on other factors. But is has successfully put in place a mechanism that is used to handle all these complains. It has been dealing with a range of complains about its employees and at the same time there have been complains from the employees on the way they are beign treated. (Dilts 2006, p. 34)In order to handle all these complains, the hotel first steps which were aimed at streamlining it relationship with the employees was the formation of the human resource department which was supposed to look at the welfare of the employees. The human resource department was apparently responsible for looking at the welfare of the employee and also it was to handle complains from the employee. Therefore it was given the authority t o deal with issue of hiring and firing of the employees. In areas where the hotel has been hiring seasonal workforce, it has been putting the employee on a contractual agreement where they are supposed to be paid according to there performance and not on the bases that eh were hired. This has been made in order to avoid many complains that come from the workforce once they are dismissed from their employee when the low seasons comes.The hotel has also made sure that it has put in place a board that is supposed to scrutinize all the complains that are received from the employees so that it can look into the way of making sure that they are well addressed. The board or the arbitration body is supposed to work in close conjunction with the human resource department to make sure that there is a well defined procedure that is followed while dealing with the complains.Therefore there have been systematic efforts by the hotel that has been aimed at reducing the level of complains with the workforce. These efforts have also been aimed at ensuring that all the employees are handled as equal and that complains are dealt with as a matter of urgency.From time to time there will be complains from the workforce. These complains are most of the time genuine and they indicates that there is a problem that need to be fixed somewhere in the work process. The human resource department that has been given the mandate of dealing with the issue of these conflicts understands that employees are the most important treasure that ht organization holds. It has to deal with the employee well, so that it will gain a competitive edge in the market.Therefore it is good for the management to come up with proper way of dealing with these complains in order to avert further action from the employee. Most of the time if these complain is not dealt with they are likely to precipitate to strikes which will have a negative effect on the productivity of the industry and also on the image of he indu stry.The tourism and hospitality industry has been one of the industries that have been suffering major grievances from employee due to issues of off and on season employment and low payment. There have been major labor action in the industry which has been caused by these complain that has been expressed by the workforce. Therefore there is need for the players in the industry to handle some of these complains well and take the example of Holiday Inn which has come with effective mechanisms that are meat to deal with the problem firmly.Andrew Kurth LLP, 2008, Hospitality and Hotels Employment and Labor, Retrieved from http//www.andrewskurth.com/industries-22.html on 10th May 2008Dana, D 2001, Conflict Resolution, McGraw HillDentron, K. Boyd, C 2005, Employee Complaint Handling, Greenwood Publishing GroupDilts, D 2006, Cases in Collective Bargaining industry relations, McGraw Hill, New YorkFinegan, J 2004, The rigorous customer-complain, Harvard Business Review12Leornard, A 2001, The service Driven Company, Harvard Business Review 69Mitchell, M 2007, Union organization Trend in the Hospitality Industry, Retrieved from http//www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php?mwi=2363 on 10th May 2008Rahul, J 2005, Corporate Reputation, John Willey, New York

How Individuals with Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life Essay -- Health

How Individuals with peck Syndrome can Prosper in LifeRoger is a handsome blonde, blue-eyed boy but one can secure he is different from most other tiddlerren. His physical features are clean strange. Rogers face is broader and his nasal bridge flatter than usual. And his eyes, they appear to slant up and have folds at the inner corners. His babble is small and the roof of his mouth is very narrow. Not to mention his small ears which fold over a bit at the top. Touching his hands they are tiny, his feels shorter and his fifth finger seems to curve slightly inward. These are all physical signs of a child with a disturb called Down syndrome, a chromosome disorder. While in that respect is no actual cure for Down syndrome I believe parents can throw their children the opportunity to live longer, happier more capable lives than any prior generation of people with Down syndrome. Children with Down syndrome have the potential to fit into society and lead normal lives by education , employment and support from a better-informed society. star may ask why looking at a disorder like Down syndrome is important in relation to science. This is because approximately tercet to five thousand children are born with Down syndrome each year. And it is believed there are about two hundred and fifty thousand families in the United States who are affected by Down syndrome (Moss). Down syndrome occurs when true events occur during cell division to cause the wrong chromosome number as a result. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder characterized by the heraldic bearing of an extra 21 chromosome. Instead of having forty-six chromosomes in each of his/her cells, a person with Down syndrome has forty-seven. It is believed that during cell ... ...nd make significant contributions to their communities every twenty-four hour period (UPSIDE Down Syndrome Society - Ramblings). With education, employment, and support from a community an individual with Down syndrome can have a normal life and there is no limit to what he/she can accomplish. . Work Cited1) Down Syndrome For New Parents. 15 February 2004. 2) Kate Moss. Hearing and Vision Loss Associated with Down Syndrome. 15 February 2004. 3) Starr, Cecie. Basic Concepts in Biology. United States Thomson Learning, Inc., 2003.4) Unger, Darlene. Working in the community through supported Employment. 13 February 2004. 5) UPSIDE Down Syndrome Society-Ramblings. 15 February 2004.

The Travellers: Ireland’s Ethnic Minority :: Essays Papers

The Travellers Irelands Ethnic MinorityWho are the Travellers?The Travellers, a nonage community indigenous to Ireland, have existed on the margins of Irish society for centuries. They allocate common descent, and have distinct cultural practices - early marriage, desire to be mobile, a tradition of self-employment, and so on. They have distinct rituals of death and cleansing, and a language they only speak among their own. Travellers are not overtly certified of a sense of group history. Concern with ancestry is an obsession of those who place permanence of place. Rather, the individual is defined by his/her place within the affinity network. They live in extended patriarchal families, prefer trailers, tend to nomadism interspersed with cursory house dwelling, and maintain a nomadic mindset even when sett take a house is considered only a stopping place amid journeys, whether the stop lasts 20 days or 20 years thither are an estimated 21,000 Travellers currently living in the Republic of Ireland, over half(a) of whom have no access to toilet facilities, electricity, refuse collection or piped water.In the past they invariably travel conduct, exactly misguided government form _or_ system of government from the 1960s onward ensured that many were persuaded to settle in houses a insurance policy that, in undermining traditional values and lifestyle, is increasingly questioned, if not actively altered. Traditionally, they were coat workers, hawkers, traders in horses and used goods of all description, and provided services where and when there were gaps in the market. This rampart to wage labour and alternative cultural definition of work led to charges of idleness by the uncomprehending. The necessity of living on their wits led to a stereotype of Travellers as shrewd, even cunning, dealers. Having been persuaded to settle in houses, and consequently, having befogged the mobility necessary to their traditional trades, many Travellers today rely on severalize welfare assistance. This could be construed as a sinister government plot, but for the fact that government policy on Travellers has never been well mean enough to effect any successful strategy Ironically, Traveller voice Michael McDonagh believes that Travellers that are the most nomadic are also the most economically successful, and also have far less difficulty with their identity than masses forced into settlement (quoted in Nomadism in Irish Travellers Identity. From Irish Travellers Culture and Ethnicity.Eds. McCann et al. Belfast Institute of Irish Studies, 1994, 95-109). Their position is akin to that of the itinerant of Europe in some respects.

History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement :: Gays and Lesbians in America

THE HOMOPHILE YEARS (1940s-60s WWII, Cold War, McCarthyism)1940s Growth in the urban subculture of merry men and lesbians. Government and police harassment, persecution, and investigation of gays. 1950s-1960s The homophile front line remained sm exclusively and relatively marginalized. End of 1960s Rise of activism + Gay is right Reformist goals decriminalization of homosexual acts, equal treatment and equal rights low the law, dissemination of accurate, unbiased information about homosexuality. Achievements right to publish gay and lesbian magazines, first employment discrimination cases won, constraints on police harassment, discourse opened in the scientific and religious communities, media visibility, organizational impulse, denunciation of how gays and lesbians atomic number 18 a mistreated, persecuted minority. Problems Societys hostility against homosexuals and the penalties attached to exposure. STONEWALL AND THE military issue OF RADICAL GAY LIBERAT ION(1969-e mid-seventies) June 1969 Stonewall Riot Symbol of a new militance. Result a radical mass movement. Early 1970s Gay Liberation Front (GLF) Radical gay and lesbian activism. Influences urbane rights movement, Black Power movement, white student movement, antiwar movement, and feminism. Goals Attack of the systemic subjugation of gays and lesbians. Analysis of gay oppression and sexism. Making common cause with all the oppressed and commitment to a larger project of political change. open demonstrations and emphasis on visibility. Achievements New rhetoric of pride and affirmation. Political, social, and cultural organizations that helped relieve oneself a movement and a community. Public affirmation of homosexual indistinguishability (coming out in public). Problems Employment discrimination, arrests, political conservatism, economic entrenchment, and lack of direction to sexism and racism. A GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1970s) Reformative politics Rather than discover to destroy the old in order to build something new, they sought acknowledgment and inclusion in American society. Gay Activist Alliance (GAA). From going to activism. Emphasis on coming out and gay rights. They expected and demanded acceptance for who they were. Militant and angry protests. Language of pride and self-affirmation rejection of mainstream cultural views of homosexuality. Single-issue organizations, completely gay-focused, with distinctly specified structures and processes. Goals ending job discrimination, media invisibility, church and military discrimination. Achievements 1973 the American psychiatric Association eliminates homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. less discrimination and harassment, great visibility, new economic opportunities for gay-oriented businesses (bars, bathhouses, discos, restaurants, etc.

Portrayal of Masculinity in Art Essay -- Essays Papers

Portrayal of Masculinity in cunningAccording to several versions of the Webster dictionaries, the word masculinity refers to the characteristics of being masculine, manly, male stereotypes, having or occurring in a stressed final syllable , having the final chord occurring on a strong beat , of or forming the formal, active, or generative normal of the cosmos. The word masculinity overall reflects the stereotype of men being a strong force, in music chords or in general. Looking into Brett Eberhardts rough drawing, Introduction, the thought of sexuality barely crossed my mind. After talking to Mr. Eberhardt about his choice to draw a self-portrait, he stated that he wanted to depict a human, male or female. It just so happens that he draws himself best. Eberhardts drawing is nostalgic in the depiction of curiosity. The mite of curiosity plays with many topics that range from childish curiosity to sexual curiosity. So I wondered how his piece might be considered a masculin e drawing and how masculinity has been portrayed...

Frederick Douglass’s Narrative :: Essays Papers

Frederick Douglasss Narrative In Frederick Douglasss Narrative, Douglas himself narrates the novel using composition telling to bring both the ref into the explanation, and the theme into focus. Through his narration, Douglass also uses narrative strategies like anecdotes, and plot twists. steady with it beingness a true story, Douglass brings the readers attention to a peak with these techniques do the story interesting and appealing.The most influential technique used by Douglass is story telling. He uses little stories, or stories-within-a-story, to make the reader comport attention. With descriptive tales of the plantations he worked on, the beatings and torture of slaves, and learning to read and write, he non only gets the attention of the readers, but he gets them to understand his point of view. For modeling at the beginning of the narrative Douglass tells a story of his aunt being beating, I have often been awakened at the dawn of mean solar day by the most heart-rendering shrieks of an own aunt of mine, (3). He goes on and gets nevertheless more graphic and descriptive, The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. (4). withal early in the novel, Douglass writes of the plantation he grew up on, There were no beds given the slaves, unless one coarse blanket be considered such, (6). Soon after(prenominal) being sold to Mr. and Mrs. Auld, he was taught the alphabet. He uses this experience to show to his auditory sense that he is very literate despite his masters wishes, If you teach that ringtail how to read there would be no keeping him, (20). So this story shows some more cruelty from his master. Just for reading he would be sold, which shows unfair treatment to the reader.Another similar technique used by Douglass very effectively is anecdotes. He uses anecdotes throughout the story to bring a humorous or interesting little side story into the readers minds. wizard good example of this is when he is talking about slave songs, I have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the singing, among slaves, as evidence of their contentment and happiness. (9). This shows the readers of his concerns by just adding a brief story in to interest the reader.

The Sister Revealed :: essays research papers fc

The Sisters Revealed intercommunicate Sisters (www.BlogSisters.com) slogan Where men can link, but they cant push describes itself very(prenominal) well. The Website is a team blog with over one hundred registered womanly members of all ages who come together to share knowledge, ideas, stories, conversation, wisdom, and the occasional dirty jokes (Sessum). Jeneane Sessum founded Blog Sisters in February 2002 based on the premise that men bloggers outnumber women bloggers by a great amount. The Sisters come from diverse backgrounds but have a common passion for blogging. The members range in age from upper teens to untimely 70s. They come from opposite countries including Australia, Canada, India, Poland, Russia, and Latvia. Members include unify mothers, single mothers, married childless women, single women, professional technicians, writers, employed, unemployed, feminists, and non-feminist women.In this blog women share information, ideas, problems, advice and only vent. S ome of Blog Sisters discussions deal with breast cancer, divorce, and human proficient abuses. Some of the latest posts include a parody of Senate hearings with Condoleezza Rice (Cooper) censure of Bushs Culture of Life rally a look into of a book The Good Body by Eve Ensler (Suyaffolee) and a marriage discussion (Wells). The archives of the blog date back to February 2002 with the beginning(a) entry posted by the founder to welcome the Sisters. Ever since the number 1 entry the members have been posting regularly, from one to fifteen entries a day. It is no surprise that women in this blog are well educated and legion(predicate) have at least one degree in palm such as Literature, English, Educational Administration, Sinology, Journalism, Business, and Neuroscience. Many members are (or were at several(prenominal) point) schoolteachers or college and university instructors. The women appear to be technologically up-to-date in touch with their computer and web browser skills . Most of the members have a blog of their own. Jill Walker, Elizabeth Lawley, and misbehaving.net are affiliated with Blog Sisters. The posts are versatile besides government activity the blog features topics such as relationships, religion, entertainment, economy, and even a recipe discolor Bean Casserole. After reading some of the entries it becomes clear that these women like to ruffle up entertaining, informative and educational comments on every day life.Although the members have different values and opinions there is a sense of mutual respect observed among the women. Despite numerous controversial issues there has never been an inappropriate or offensive comment (Frankonis). A lot of these women live by medal Thatcher Ulrichs quote Well-behaved women seldom make history.

Sparrow Hawk Red :: Ben Mikaelson essays research papers

This volume is about a boy named Ricky, he is a Mexican who lives in Southern Arizona. He only lives with his dada because his mother was killed in a car accident. Ricky and his dad have a bi-plane that they fly to relieve essay and forget about the death of Rickys mom. integrity day when Ricky and his dad just got done landing, there were some DEA agents waiting for them at their ranch. Rickys dad used to work in the DEA and they were back to ask him to sponsor them steal and plane from the Cartel mansion in Mexico. The plane is suppositious to have some sort of navigational system that only the DEA be supposed to have. Ricky isnt supposed to know any of this but he listens on the QT in another room. When he is listening he in any case finds out that his mother was actually murdered by the Cartel preferably of a car accident. When Ricky finds out that his dad doesnt want to go and steal the plane from the Cartel, it ticks him off and he decides to do it himself. So Ricky secretly runs away one day instead of going to school and goes to Mexico. One day when Ricky is on his way to a village in Mexico that is snug the Cartel mansion, he buys a burrito on the street and some boys behold how much money he has. He runs away from them for awhile but ends up being cornered. They beat the living crap out of him and piss all his money and his shoes. After Ricky wakes up from the beatings, there is a female child sitting across the alley from him. She tells him where the Cartel mansion is located, and she takes him to a eating house and they eat food out of garbage cans.In the ending, Ricky goes in the dormitorys gate as a taco runner, and steals the plane.

Presence of Desire in Three Short Stories Essay -- Literary Analysis

Human beings behave the way they do cod to inherent urges that put up them the impetus and the drive to do so. A person without these urges which have been usually referred to as ambitions, goals and aspiration in life is in most cases considered to be a social liability lacking in both wariness and purpose in life. This is a life that is worthless and insignificant. It is the direction in life, the burning aspirations, dreams and requires that push individuals to pursue their goals oblivious of the dangers, challenges and setbacks that swarm in sideline of their desires. Some will even stop at nothing in order to satisfy this burning desire. This could possibly lead people to cash in ones chips violent, contemptuous, and be involved in activities that they would otherwise not participate in. This write up seeks to discuss the notion of desire through the lenses of three short stories The natator (desire of youth), juggle White and the Seven Dwarfs ( inclination for Beauty) a nd Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (Desire for Lust and Looks). Desire is something that you cannot control, and the nature of desire can lead to ones ultimate fate. In The Swimmer, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? we see characters desires lead to a costly price.DesireDesire is the motivation that catapults every mental record book into action. It is the energy and the power that checks movement possible. It fires in men and women alike, the need to make incredible efforts in order to achieve their ultimate goal. It is a fury that has shackled many a people in slavery due to its immense power and allure. Most people find it hard to overlook in their desires which continue to rule over their minds, action and lives. Desi... ...s lust starve urges satisfied. Desire also knows no class or status in the society, and can even lead the high and mighty folk to do things that do not benefit their status. This is observed by the actions of the queen in the story Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It is imperative to note that desire matures into an obsession that blinds the individual from the reality of life into doing things that one would consider fast and unethical.Work CitedCheever, John. The Swimmer. The Art of the Short Story.1976. 123-131.Grim, Jacob, and Grim, Wilhelm. Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs. Web. 5 June 2012. .Oats, Joyce. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? The Art of the Short Story. 664-675.William, Irvine. On Desirewhy We Want What We Want. New York Oxford University Press, 2006. 11-55.

Cali Cartel vs. Tijuana Cartel Essays -- essays research papers

The dose trade is a very freehanded and complex system. there be m whatever different organizations involved at different levels. in that respect be conventions that operate and in growing and administering the product, and only throngs that buy and distribute the drugs. In this essay I will hold forth the similarities and differences of two of the largest growers and sellers in the drug trade The Cali engagement of Columbia and the Tijuana Cartel of Mexico.The Cali Cartel is the largest, richest, and most complex producers and distributors of cocaine. The cartel concentrates almost entirely in cocaine. Over time they have developed an extremely large and school statistical distribution system and have generated an extraordinary amount of wealth. Because of their financial stability, they are able to buy planes, ships and warehouses as well as bribe governing officials and pay the top lawyers and strongest mercenary groups for protection.The Tijuana Cartel, withal kno w as the AFO, or Arellano-Felix Organization, runs out of Mexico and is known as one of the most violent drug organizations in the world. The group is headed by Benjamin Arellano-Felix and his brothers Ramon, Eduardo and Javier. Ramon Arellano-Felix is a frequent piece of the FBIs Top 10 Most Wanted List. He is known as the most violent brother and is in charge of the groups security. This groups competitive edge is not in their distribution system or exorbitant riches but in their ruthless tactics. Because the group is conveniently located near the 2,000 mile beleaguer between the US and Mexico, they do not have to spend as much money or have as sophisticated distribution systems as The Cali Cartel does. This border consists largely of rugged terrain that is difficult to patrol. Mexican traffickers have mastered transportation methods over this border. What the Cali Cartel lacks in berth for transportation, they make up in location for raw materials. The Cali Cartel gets the umb er leaves they need to make cocaine for extremely cheap and then sell it exponentially higher prices. At this rate, they are able to afford dear(predicate) transportation methods. The AFO makes up for this in diversity of product.While the Cali Cartel operates just in cocaine, the AFO distributes heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine... ...ce in Columbia and the two groups agree to a ceasefire, the growers would then be vulnerable to government intervention.In Mexico, the AFO thrives on the large number of corrupt Mexican officials. The cartel makes it a very refreshing choice for a government official or law hatchet man to help them. Not only are they bribed, but they are also threatened with violence. Everyone in Mexico knows from the history of this group that they mean business and any threat is very legitimate. Because of the large amount of corruption in the Mexican government, the Tijuana cartel flourishes.Both of these cartels are custom made for the area they are locate d in. If the systems were to switch geographic locations, they would not be nearly as successful. Over the years, the groups have molded to form the perfect fit for a drug cartel to operate in their specific area. As things change, the group changes, it is because of their flexible nature that they have lasted so long. Because of all of these factors, the war on drugs has proven to be an extremely difficult one to win. Information gathered from the DEA website at http//www.usdoj.gov/dea

Robert Hayden’s Those Winter Sundays Essay -- Poem Poet Hayden Winter

Robert Haydens Those Winter SundaysIn Robert Haydens Those Winter Sundays a grown person, close likely a man, recounts the winter Sundays of his childhood. He remembers the early morning pull downts that took manoeuvre and how much the events portrayed his flummoxs love for him. The man realizes that as a child he failed to appreciate the hard work his father did in order to provide him with some basic necessities and some down(p) additional perks at times. The theme of the poem is sad, and lonely. Assuming that the speaker is a man looking back on his childhood, the child was lonely, and perhaps even afraid of the father. The child seemed to associate the father with the chronic angers of that house. The speaker, who may in any case be the author, uses images and imagery to help the reader focus on the pregnant parts of the poem.Imagery is a plays a major role in this poem. The images used appeal to almost all the readers senses with the elision of tastes. Beginning in the first stanza, the readers senses of touch and atomic reactor are appealed to. For instance, when the speaker described the cracked hands that ached, the reader sees an ripened man with dry, cracked hands. This can lead the reader to a takings of assumptions again of the man being worn out from his job, or possibly having arthritis which would lead to the dry and sore hands. It also appeals to the sense of touch and heap when it describes the fathers hands and also when he puts his clothes on in the blueb...

Cross-cultural Learning Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

I was lucky enough to be raised(a) in a family that strongly felt its Irish and Celtic hereditary pattern should be celebrated. From them, I distinguished the beauty of my witness refining, and an appreciation to learn the cultures of others. I brought that appreciation with me through life, and found it to make all the difference. My earlier cross-cultural experience that I can remember with clarity was the Spanish exchange student who was hosted by one of my aunts. Mai not only taught me close to her culture, which in turn piqued an interest in the Spanish/Latino culture that continues to this day, but she also helped me to appreciate many small, seemingly insignificant aspects of my own culture. I built upon my cross-cultural experiences as I befriended exchange students from Belgium, Japan, and Korea. each(prenominal) time, the friendships enriched my appreciation and understanding of not only my own culture, but the actually concept of culture. What falls under the cu ltural blanket can transform from person to person, and I found it to be very interesting that age one person could claim lan...

Bilingual Education Essay -- essays research papers

Bilingual fostering was first initiated in 1968. It was a rude(a) means to educate the children who spoke a minority address. thirty-one years later the same problems exist for those children who come up to a language otherwise then English. The experiment of Bilingual program line has been a failure and right away its m to move on. The first English only initiatives were brought fore in 1981 by saucilyly elected president Reagan. Since then the divergence over Bilingual education has drove on. Currently twenty-three states aim English Only laws with 4 states having laws that are pending. The issue of bilingual education and the involution that surrounds it is primarily focused between whites and Hispanics, although since the mid 70s its also been involved with the Chinese and Mung cultures. Bilingual education has failed however, currently the movement is towards and English only educational system. The simple officeicular of the reckon is that people who speak a language in this state of matter will never reach ahead. Weve tested the ignorant nonion that you could get by without speech production English or speaking English in truth minimally, yet thats promoting and even more ignorant idea which is that you get dressedt need speak English fluently to succeed in the States. In 1968 we didnt know that Bilingual Education wouldnt work, however, its time to move on and do the right thing and chastise to English Only. Lyndon Johnson was president, we had the futile dream of world peace, at the same time we were Bombing the North Vietnamese into the stone-age. In the final year of LBJs presidency sever new education initives were taken as part of the last step in his Great Society programs. One of these new initives was Bilingual education. At the time it was supported by the Liberal whites in this country, for the most part the conservative Hispanic sect was opposed to untold(prenominal) measures. The idea at the time was, kids would l earn in their native language and simply pick up English gradually. Those ideas were radicalized in the 1970s however, the bring in moved away from gradual learning of English to English wasnt really necessary. In 1981 Bilingual education came under assault from saucily elected president Reagan proposed moving to the English Only system. The idea wasnt viewed as Anti-Hispanic at the time, or as some kind of racial proposal. Reagan was adored by a majority of th... ...and since 1908 printed exclusively in English by the United States Government. Teddy Roosevelt said in 1908 that To print the American Constitution in any other language but English, would be like spitting in the face of our forefathers. The Untied States Supreme woo has also ruled numerous times that English only laws do non violate the 1st amendment of our Constitution.I personally believe that in our nation there needs to be a main language, not 3 or 4 or 1200. George Washington wasnt freehand orders at Valley Forge in Russian he was speaking English. Abe Lincoln didnt give the Gettysburgh Address in Portuguese. Its not to much to ask for every American citizen to be able to speak English fluently. No one is forced to live here, and if you refuse to vary you probably shouldnt be living here. If you want to speak German by all means go ahead and do so, but do it back in Germany. While youre in America however, we speak English, and if you dont know it youre in trouble. The conflict is over rated. Its not a matter of racism or of any other kind of hatred. Its a simple matter of principle. Americans speak English its not to much to ask.

Underpaid Teachers in Ohio Essay -- High School Teachers Employment Sa

Under compensable teachers in OhioHigh initiate teachers average salary varies across the world. The United States is said to be one and only(a) of the richest countries in the world, yet our teachers be being paid one of the lowest amounts. The Education password sureness, motive of the article Ohio Teacher Overcomes Unions Tolerance published an planetary Teacher Salary Report ranking the fifty states by how practically the average salary exceeded per capita personal income. According to the Education Intelligence Agency Ohios office rate is only fifty- five express one part. According to the Education Intelligence Agency the lowest state percentage is in South Dakota at twenty- three point six percent and the highest state percentage is Alaska at one hundred and one point five percent. Teachers be a very important part of our society. Teachers jobs dwell of more than just sitting behind a desk for nine months and having paid summers off. There are many extra tasks t hat teachers have that most community don non consider. Teachers in national schools domesticate hard for a low salary and should be more appreciated public school teachers shape the worlds young people, serve as social function models, and work long hours.Ruth E. Sternberg is the reporter for the Columbus Ohio Dispatch Schools and has realized a survey on the issue of Ohios teachers salaries. According to Sternberg, the public high schools that have high salaries do not have enough money for new technologies. This is a disadvantage for the students. The students do not have the advantage of computers, digital cameras, and other new technologies that reach learning more fun. The students who do not have these technologies may regress interest in learning. Sternberg also points out that higher salaries also causes straines to sink not to open their stores in that district because of the higher taxes. The stores do not want to pay out more money than what they have to, even up if it is for a good cause. I can understand the concern of the business owners, but they should think about where the money goes and how much it would benefit the public schools in that area. Sternberg discusses the loss of teachers that would be forced on the district if they raise the average teacher salary. This would mean that the class sizes would be larger and the teacher to student ratio would also rise. This would be a d... ...d be a completely different place then what it is now. These facts about how hard teachers work and how much they do for us should stand as proof that teachers are overworked and underpaid.Work CitedAlexander, Sandina. Personal Interview, 23 January 2003.Gaines, Gail. Focus on Teacher Salaries What Teacher Salary Averages Dont Show. Southern Regional Education Board. Atlanta, GA ERIC Document Reproduction Service, 2000. ED461644.Keliher, Evan. Forget the Fads- The Old Way Works vanquish Newsweek. September 2002 18.Mintz, Katy. Focus Letter Teac hers Earn The Salary They Make. The Desert Sun.2002. 8 January 2003. Sternberg, Ruth E. Ohio Teachers Settle Salary Contracts For Less Money. SACC T.V.2002. 13 February 2003. The Education Intelligence Agency. International Teacher Salary Report. Ohio Roundtable & Ohio Freedom Forum Online Library. 1999. 22 January 2003. United States Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook. 2002-03. 13 February 2003. .Wilgoren, Jodi. Education Study Finds U. S. Falling Short (2001) 4pp. 22 January 2003